The Rocking-Horse Winner Essay - 1138 Words

D. H. Lawrence’s fable of materialism, affluence and a broken mother/son bond echoes greedy transgression. His writings are well-known for delving into human nature and he does an excellent job demonstrating the trait of materialism, morally questioning the value of love versus the hazard of greed. This upper-class family is shattered by avarice; their eventual downfall comes, despite the overwhelming effort of keeping up appearances. The mother’s misplaced affection for her children illustrates the negative results that wealth, destiny, and lack of love will produce -- the dehumanization of society as a whole. â€Å"They lived in a pleasant house, with a garden, and they had discreet servants, and felt themselves superior to anyone in the†¦show more content†¦Both parents are guilty of neglecting their relative responsibilities, choosing instead to worship wealth. Because of their unique obsession with future riches, their home becomes â€Å"haunted† by one particular phrase: â€Å"There must be more money! (101)† Though this word was never spoken amongst the residents of the house, it was well-known in the minds of all who lived there. â€Å"It came whispering from the springs of the still-swaying rocking horse†¦The big doll, sitting so pink and smirking in her new pram, could hear it quite plainly, and seemed to be smirking all the more self-consciously because of it. (101)† The whisper infiltrated the rooms with its secret, filling each and every corners and cranny, right to the woodwork itself. The manner with which the author illustrates Paul, th e young boy at the heart of the story, is replete with a child’s emotion, as though you are looking through his eyes. When he asked his mother about luck, â€Å"it’s because your father has no luck, (101)† she responds. â€Å"Is luck money, Mother?† She tells him that luck is the reason you have money, further confusing him with her choice of words. This prevailing attitude toward luck in the sense that you must be lucky instead of skilled to make money explains her attitude towards work in general. She would rather have money and not have to work than earn wages for a job well done. Paul decided since neither his mother or father had luck, he had luck of his own. â€Å"Well,Show MoreRelatedSummary Of The Rocking Horse Winner 813 Words   |  4 Pages1244-1245 BP Rocking and LS 1261 1-4 A Shocking Accident and LS 1268 1-4 The Soldier and LS 1275 1-4 Wires and Ls Anthem and LS 1277 1-3 1296-1297 BP Demon Lover and LS 1305 1-4 1306 1-10 1307 Vocab Writing Assignments: Write: Three messages from Rocking Thesis: â€Å"The Rocking-Horse Winner† by D.H. Lawrence, represents three messages. POV #1: Lawrence, wrote â€Å"The Rocking-Horse Winner,† and brought forth the message that greed is a curse. POV #2: â€Å"The Rocking-Horse Winner†, by D.HRead MoreThe Rocking Horse Winner by D.H. Lawrence Essay1000 Words   |  4 Pagesbut neglect the emotional aspects. The overpowering need for money takes a toll on families. D.H Lawrence’s short story explores the dynamics of money and its psychological toll. The story’s unhappy family in D.H Lawrence’s short story, â€Å"The Rocking-Horse Winner†, demonstrates the adverse psychological effects that derive from the insatiable desire of money and mindless consumerism. The stories dissatisfied family demonstrates the adverse psychological effects that arise from the insatiable desireRead MoreAnalysis of The Rocking Horse Winner by D.H. Lawrence1723 Words   |  7 PagesJust Keep Rocking Individuals have struggled with ignorance time and time again, and this ignorance can penetrate every aspect of their lives. In the short story by D. H. Lawrence, â€Å"The Rocking-Horse Winnerâ€Å", young Paul has to encounter a series of misfortunate events, due to the fact that his beloved ambitious mother is unworthy of the what she has and each circumstance leads him and his family to great distress. With a burden on his shoulders, he will not stop until he gets what his mother desperatelyRead MoreThe Rocking Horse Winner: Examining Relationships Essay535 Words   |  3 PagesA relationship between a mother and son should be one that is full of unconditional love. The mother should be able to provide for the son and in return the son should look to the mother for comfort and stability. In D.H. Lawrences, The Rocking-Horse Winner, the relationship between the protagonist, Paul and his mother is not ideal at all. The first indication the relationship between Paul and his mother is not one that is ideal is when we are first introduced to the mother. She revealsRead MoreEssay about Examining Greed in The Rocking Horse Winner656 Words   |  3 PagesExamining Greed in The Rocking Horse Winner In The Rocking Horse Winner D. H. Lawrence tells us about the traumatic downfall of an upper middle class family struggling to maintain appearances through habitual overspending. Both the parents with common jobs and expensive tastes (pg.646) exploit all their resources to give their family the best; however, it was only to retain their high status in the society. The Rocking Horse Winner depicts a common demon we all face; greed, societys needRead More Character of Hester in Lawrences The Rocking Horse Winner Essay1068 Words   |  5 PagesCharacter of Hester in Lawrences The RockingHorse Winner Hester is one of the main characters in D.H. Lawrence’s â€Å"The Rocking-Horse Winner.† The story describes a young boy, Paul, who tries to win his â€Å"mother’s love by seeking the luck† (Kaplan 1971), which she believes she does not possess. Lawrence â€Å"condemns the modern notion that happiness and luck come from the outside, rather than from within; that happiness must take the form of money and goods rather than the erotic, parental, andRead MoreEssay about D. H. Lawrences The Rocking-Horse Winner1535 Words   |  7 PagesD. H. Lawrences The Rocking-Horse Winner â€Å"The Rocking-Horse Winner† is a short story by D. H. Lawrence in which he creates a criticism of the modernized world’s admiration and desire for material objects. It was published in Harper’s Bazaar magazine in 1926 for the first time (E-Notes). The story’s main character, Hester, is a beautiful woman who is completely consumed by the idea of possession, and so she loses out on the love of family and the happiness of life. Her son, Paul, also learnsRead MoreAn Abrupt and Surprising Ending in The Rocking Horse Winner by D.H. Lawrence753 Words   |  3 PagesThe Rocking Pig (An analysis of Abrupt, Surprising Endings) Life is a sudden gift, that is bestowed upon us in a magnificent way, with people all around us mostly for guidance and help, but with all of these gifts, there are tragedies. Even more sudden they come out of nowhere with enough malice to cause the death of thousands of people a day. This has become a very great trend for authors, the act of sudden disasters that will slap you in the face as you read them. In the story, â€Å"The Rocking-HorseRead More Use of Tone to Create Mood in D.H. Lawrences The Rocking-Horse Winner1820 Words   |  8 Pages D. H. Lawrence uses tone to create a mood in his short story The Rocking-Horse Winner. His ability to create tone allows us to understand the characters of the story, and enables us to actually feel as if we are in the story by creating such a vivid mood. Lawrence uses the eyes of the main character, Paul, to show how he feels about the events taking place, and this in turn helps the reader empathize with the boy and understand the story. Lawrence also establishes a theme by allowingRead MoreThe Rocking Horse Winner908 Words   |  4 PagesYour traditional life lesson is learned when an older, more experienced person leads by example or instruction. D.H. Lawrence has news for the status quo in his short story, â€Å"The Rocking-Horse Winner.† Hester is the unloving mother of three children that she describes as being â€Å"thrust upon her, and she could not love them† (793). The reason she cannot love her children is because of the nagging feeling of not having the cash flow to live the lavish life she desires. Hester is a beautiful woman who

How does bilateral trading differ from electricity pooling Free Essays

string(257) " Capacity short and Capacity sufficient countries Capacity short and Capacity sufficient countries as far as energy is concerned, refer to countries whose demand response for energy is short and sufficient respectively \(through capacity mechanism\)\[13\]\." ABSTRACT Liberalisation in the energy sector opened opportunities for new market entrants leading to high competition in the market. As such, countries were forced to change their models of electricity trading in order to remain efficient and competitive in the market. The differences between bilateral and electricity pooling models are well described by the arrangements made. We will write a custom essay sample on How does bilateral trading differ from electricity pooling? or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this sense, the differences between bilateral and electricity pooling will be critically analyzed pointing out the differences between contracts for differences, power purchase agreements, differences in market structure, rules and procedures. The research in question is expected to reveal the inefficiencies that are associated with electricity pooling (centralized market system) and the reason why most countries are transferring to bilateral trading (decentralized market system). Equally important, a comparison of both models of trading to each other in a liberalised market will be carried to show that bilateral trading is a market oriented model and as such, the most efficient in a liberalized market. CHAPTER ONE Introduction To begin with, electricity as a commodity has the capability to be sold, bought and traded altogether. At the most basic level, it is not easy to store electricity and as such, it has to be available on demand. Therefore, electricity has to go through a cycle of generation, transmission, distribution, supply and metering and as such, the supply should meet the demand[1]. According to Crew, Schuh the Centre for Research in Regulated Industries[2], â€Å"electricity markets are defined by the physical realities of transmission systems along with the features of regulation and the institutions†. In the same line of deliberation, electricity marketing is based on various models and in this context, there will be an exploration of bilateral and electricity pooling models along with a comparison of both to each other in a liberalised market. Background of Study According to Bjornebye [3], electricity trading may take place bilaterally or at organized markets, where contracts for the sale and purchase of electricity under bilateral trading are entered into directly between the seller and the buyer. It can also be done by the help of trading institutions, brokers or basically out of the sole initiative of the parties in the contract. Fundamentally, such agreements or contracts are termed as over-counter contracts, abbreviated OTC[4].Currently, it has been noted that in many European electricity markets, bilateral trading has been playing a key role. On the other hand, electricity pooling is the mechanism through which electricity contracts involve predetermined multilateral contracts amongst participants in the market[5]. Importantly, bilateral trading is market-oriented in design as it encourages more interaction between sellers and the buyers. While this is the case, electricity pooling operates as a centralized trading model and as such, competition is exclusively on generators with nominal contribution from the buyers[6]. A critical analysis of the two models in a liberalized market would make it easy to suggest which models work most efficiently. Statement of the Research Problem Having stated that electricity is a commodity that cannot be stored, it then becomes essential to determine the best model of trading that can efficiently be used in a liberalized market. Following this point, the statement of the research problem is how bilateral trading differs from electricity pooling detailing the major differences in terms of contract for differences and power purchase agreements, differences in Market Structure and the differences in Market Rules and Procedures. This will then shed light on which model works best in a liberalised market. Objective of the Research The main objective of the study is to show the main differences in terms of contract for differences in power purchase agreements, differences in Market Structure and the differences in Market Rules and Procedures for both bilateral and electricity pooling models of trading. Research Questions The research in question is meant to answer the following questions: How does bilateral trading differ from electricity pooling What are the differences between contract for differences and power purchase agreement, differences in Market Structure and the differences in Market Rules and Procedures Which is the most efficient model in a liberalized market Significance The study in question is of great importance to the electricity industry in the sense that the results obtained can be used to make recommendations on which model of trading is the most efficient; bilateral trading or electricity pooling. Again, stakeholders in the electricity market can use the information to make informed decisions. Study Plan CHAPTER TWO Liberalisation in the energy sector In reference to Collier, European University Institute Working Group on Environmental Studies[7], energy being an important commodity, should receive free movement. Outstandingly, government intervention in the energy sector has always been strong and as such, public regulation and ownership is what has controlled the sector. Recently, there has been much reform, and as such, a number of countries across the world have changed their focus from the traditional one to liberalisation made possible through international energy investment law[8]. It is actually through the liberalisation of the energy sector that markets have been opened to competitors. The rationale for liberalization is deemed to have been merely based on arguments of economists. This is to suggest that liberalisation is deemed to reduce barriers in the market along with the increased economic efficiency[9]. According to Geistberger[10], liberalization of the energy sector has been well received by some states while others have lagged behind. However, Geistberger[11], points out that through liberalisation prices are expected to be lower owing to more efficiency in both the allocation and the management of resources. In particular, Europe has lagged behind with a large percentage of the major gas utilities focusing on the domestic operations. However, if such companies exploited the liberalisation opportunity, then, Europe would benefit from more merger and acquisition opportunities also, Europe would benefit from better investment in the management and infrastructure along with the creation of opportunities for distribution companies[12]. Capacity short and Capacity sufficient countries Capacity short and Capacity sufficient countries as far as energy is concerned, refer to countries whose demand response for energy is short and sufficient respectively (through capacity mechanism)[13]. In this sense, a capacity short country cannot supply enough energy and as such, cannot even try to engage in the cross border marketing or meet demand. On the other hand, a capacity sufficient country has the capability to supply energy sufficiently even at its peak loads. Such a country can then engage in cross border trading (liberalized market) without being constrained. Brief Description of Pooling Principally, electricity pooling operates in the market under arrangements of trading that are mandatory along with compulsory bidding and settlement procedures. The goal of electricity pooling is to maximise on the social welfare made possible through electricity production and consumption[14]. The main participants in an electricity pool are the generators, system operators, market operators and suppliers just to mention a few and as such, they are the ones who are obliged to sign the pooling agreements. For compulsory pools, generators are required to sell their output to the pool and as such the price is determined by the pool. Notably, electricity pools often allow member generators to place bids on the amount of electricity that they can generate given a certain price. It is clear in this case that the buyers input is not considered. Pools operate on an hourly basis whereby generators have to compete to meet demands of each hour. Brief description of bilateral trading Kirschen Strbac[15] asserts that bilateral trading involved two parties, namely the buyer and the seller. In this sense, the contracts entered in this case are without the interference or facilitation from a third party. Basically, the amount of time and the quantities of energy available for trading enable the sellers and buyers to choose different forms of bilateral trading[16]. Such forms of bilateral trading take in customized long-term contracts which are used on small amounts of energy in over counter trading which are meant for large amounts of energy. Bilateral trading may also take the form of electronic trading which is commonly used in a computerized market place. Needless to say, prices in a bilateral trading are determined by parties involved. CHAPTER THREE Comparison Notably, both electricity pooling and bilateral trading models have both advantages and disadvantages but is worthy to note that bilateral trading gives opportunities for the parties involved to trade without restrictions to . On the other hand, electricity pooling allows generators to find a market for their electricity. Comparison between contract for differences and power purchase agreement Contract for differences (CFD) is a contract between two parties which takes in a buyer and a seller and in particular, it shows that the seller is to pay the buyer the difference realized between the current value of the particular asset and the value at the time of the contract. In other words it is an equity derivative that gives room for the parties involved to speculate on share movements without the need to own the underlying shares. In this sense, there is no connection between the CFD and the system operator; therefore there is no market operator in this case[17]. On the other hand, power purchase agreements refer to contracts that are entered into between two parties. In particular, it is a contract entered in by the seller (electricity generator) and the buyer (the one who seeks to purchase electricity). It is actually a take it or leave it contract and as such, the producer is obliged to finance, design, build, maintain, own and as such monitor the energy production asset of the host and then sell the power to the host at a rate that is negotiated at a predetermined moment in time[18]. Differences in Market Structure Both the electricity pooling and the bilateral models of trading have abstract differences. For instance, electricity pooling assumes a centralized market accompanied with a central schedule and dispatch of generators. On the contrary, a bilateral model assumes a decentralised market with much dependence on self dispatch. Whereas, pools have their contracts based purely on finances and as such, contracts entered into are used to manage the fiscal risks. Quite the opposite can be said of the bilateral model that uses contracts as the main tools of trade. Differences in Market Rules and Procedures Market rules and procedures in both models of trading differ. While pools are not considered as markets owing to lack of involvement of buyers in price determination, bilateral models make a better market owing to the involvement of buyers and sellers in the process of trading. Notably, differences of prices due to demand fluctuations are common in pools and as a result, CFDs are commonly used in order to cope with the volatility of prices[19]. There is less volatility in a bilateral model since there is room for negation between the buyer and the seller. Therefore, use of power purchase agreements is common with this model. Therefore, in pools the price is determined without input from the buyer while in a bilateral model; price determination is reached through a negotiation between the buyer and the seller. CHAPTER FOUR Country specific text and cases (E.g England and Wales Experience) Noticeably, The England and Wales Experience have proved to be a good example owing to its use of the electricity pooling model in the 1990s. However, the new labour Government in power in the UK from May 1997 introduced new reviews of the systems of energy owing to the government’s concern over manipulation of the pool by large generators. Electricity trading arrangements were subsequently reviewed and the year 2001 witnessed a launch of new rules termed as New Electricity Trading Arrangements (NETA)[20]. This allowed electricity trading to be conducted outside a central power market (pool) and as such, the trading took place in a bilateral model of trading whereby sellers and buyers were afforded the opportunity to negotiate the prices of the electricity. This led to enhanced competition and price reductions along with the introduction of a balancing mechanism which ensured stability of the market system by either paying for the shortfalls or being paid for excesses. CHAPTER FIVE Conclusion Basically, electricity pooling and bilateral trading present two models of trading with different ideas of operation. In actuality, electricity pooling is a centralized market system while the bilateral model of trading is decentralised. As such, the bilateral model of trading allows competition and the interaction between buyers and sellers and as a result, it is the most efficient method for use in a liberalized market. Thus a liberalised market allows suppliers to compete across the whole spectrum of the market and as such, just as bilateral trading, liberalization allows room for competition. REFERENCES Bajpai, P Singh, SN 2004, Electricity Trading In Competitive Power Market: An Overview And Key Issues , International Conference On Power Systems, ICPS, Kathmandu, Nepal P110. Bielecki,J Desta, MG 2004, Electricity Trade In Europe: Review Of Economic And Regulatory Challenges, Kluwer Law International, Netherlands. Bjornebye, H 2010, Investing in Eu Energy Security: Exploring the Regulatory Approach to Tomorrow’s Electricity, Kluwer Law International, Netherlands. Brennan, TJ, Palmer, KL Martinez, S 2002, Alternating Currents: Electricity Markets and Public Policy, Resources for the Future, Washington, DC. Cameron, PD 2010, International energy and investment law: the pursuit of stability, Oxford University press, New York, USA. Collier, U, European University Institute Working Group on Environmental Studies 1998, Deregulation in the European Union: Environmental Perspectives, Routledge, New York. Cottrell, M 2011, Guidebook to the Leed Certification Process: For Leed for New Construction, Leed for Core Shell, and Leed for Commercial Interiors, John Wiley and Sons, New Jersey. Crew, MA, Schuh, JC Center for Research in Regulated Industries (Rutgers University) 2003, Markets, Pricing, and Deregulation of Utilities, Springer, Massachusetts. Dow, S 2008, Electricity Privatisation, Liberalisation and Contracting, (Lecture Notes on Downstream Energy Law and Policy, University of Dundee, CEPMLP. Geistberger, M 2012, The Internationalization of Energy Firms: A Literature Review, GRIN Verlag, German. Harris, C 2006, Electricity Markets: Pricing, Structures And Economics, John Wiley Sons, New Jersey. Kirschen, DS Strbac, G 2004, Fundamentals of Power System Economics, John Wiley Sons, New Jersey. Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development 2004, Energy Policies of IEA Countries: The Netherlands 2004 Review, OECD Publishing, Paris, France. How to cite How does bilateral trading differ from electricity pooling?, Essay examples

Financial Statement Fraud and Corporate Governance

Question: Discuss about the Financial Statement Fraud and Corporate Governance. Answer: Introduction Lehman Brothers was an international financial service provider firm. It was the fourth largest firm in the field of investment banking in the United States before September 2008. In September 2008, Lehman Brothers declared themselves as bankrupt and filed for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy. The main causes for failure and collapse of Lehman Brothers were not -assessment of risks on the part of the management and the condition was further aggravated by the auditors by not warning the management about the consequences that would follow because of negligence by the management (Cappelleto, 2010). The auditors also concealed such facts and figures from the financial statements, which if shown, would have saved the firm from collapsing. Hence, strong procedure and regulations is the need of the hour as it demands strict control and lead to an effective course of action. Between the year 2001 and 2008 there a major boom in the housing market. Lehman Brothers assumed the investment in the housing market a highly profitable venture and it started borrowing heavily and invested all its proceeds in the mortgage market. By the time, the sub- prime mortgage business of housing finances had also become worse. Another major part of exposure by Lehman Brothers at that time was in Real Estate, private financing and leveraged lending from its own capital (CPA, 2012). The firm had invested billions of money in risky portfolios without keeping the consequences in mind. And for all these investments, it had raised billions of dollars from various financers just like other investment bankers were doing. Instruments used A major disastrous and deceitful step that was taken by Lehman Brothers was the use of Repo 105 transaction in a wrong manner so as to present a rosy image of its balance sheet before the public who was investing in Lehman Brothers and the financial institutions in order to receive more lending. The Investment Securities were kept as collateral and the funds thus received were used to pay off the troubles obligations of the firm (Kruger, 2015). The firm was supposed to show the holding of securities as collateral by the third parties as a nothing in the financial statements and to show the securities as it is in the Balance Sheet, which was concealed with the help of auditors. The transaction was shown as for sale of inventory of securities and the securities were slowly and gradually decreased by these Repo Transactions (Christensen, 2011). Moreover, the loan taken against these securities were never shown in the Balance Sheet as the firm treated these Loans as Sales Proceeds of Inv estment Securities. All this was done to depict more liquid assets and funds and less risky liabilities in the Balance Sheet of the firm. The long-term investments securities and assets were being mortgaged for short-term borrowings by Lehman Brothers in form of Repo Transactions and Commercial Papers and in mid and late 2008, the firm was borrowing huge amounts on a daily basis. This firm was exposed to a huge risk because it borrowed huge sum of money. Once the obligation of debt enters the system, it leads to hype in the interest rate and ultimately a major iskOver the time, the financial institutions stopped accepting long-term securities as collateral against short-term borrowing and the firm gradually failed to meet its obligations (Hoffelder, 2012). All theses major transactions and facts had led to the collapse of Lehman Brothers. The situations worsened more with the concealment of these material and key matters from the financial statements. Had all these risky ventures been forewarned by the auditors in the financial statements, the collapse could have been delayed or might have been avoided (Kaplan, 2011). The Auditors of Lehman Brothers were Ernst Young LLP (one of the big four accountancy and audit firms) having its headquarters in New York. Auditing Standard ASA 701- Communicating Key Audit Matters in the Independent Auditors Report It came into effect for financial reporting periods ending on or after 15th December 2016. The main objects of inculcating this auditing standard are mainly to assess the key audit matters and once assessed, these matters should be communicated along with an unbiased opinion on such key matters to the management of the audited firm. The purpose of such communication is to ensure enhanced transparency in the financial statements audited and to enable the users of the financial statements to have a look into the matters which can in any way affect such users in future. In the case of Lehman Brothers, if ASA 701 was to be followed then the auditor would not have concealed the material fact that was key audit matters on the basis of which the financial statements were to be interpreted by its users and investors. As per Roach (2010) Key Audit Matters are those matters which require significant attention of the auditor during the auditing process of financial statements and reports. For assessing such significance, the auditors have to find out the matters that have a high risk of material misstatement, high uncertainty and the effects of such transactions that have occurred during the audit period. Auditing Issues surrounding the Lehman Collapse: Following points explain in Lehman Brothers collapse case, the role of Auditors in Concealment of material facts and non-communication and now- disclosure of key matters that would have been disclosed if the ASA 701 was there at that point of time and was followed. However the unavailability of the standard and major loopholes in the system led to the total downfall. In the Repo Transactions undertaken by Lehman Brothers, the short-term financing transactions were treated as sales. In the Balance Sheet of the firm, the Securities offered as collateral were removed from the Balance Sheet and liability was reduced so as to depict that the liabilities were being paid off by selling off of securities thereby reducing the leverage. The actual treatment of Repo Transaction should have been that the Securities were to be shown as it is in the Balance Sheet and a nothing was to be given that the securities have been given as collateral to third parties against the funds raised from them (Wiggins et. al, 2014). Further, the loan raised from the third parties was to be shown in Balance Sheet till these were repaid. As the transaction was treated as Sales under FAS 140, hence the loan taken from third parties was shown nowhere and the securities shown as sold were reduced from the assets in the balance sheet (Parker et. al, 2011). All this was affirmed by t he auditors of the firm and no nothing for the same were given in their Audit Report as the FAS 140 did not say anything about the independent obligation of disclosure and the same was taken advantage of by the firm and auditor too. Lehman and its Auditor firm decided not to show the impact of the Repo 105 transactions on the balance sheet as it would make it clear to the investors and the financiers that the leverage effect was not changing and the firm was already under huge loan liabilities. The Auditors should have disclosed all the impacts related to the wrong method of treatment of Repo 105 transactions that were being done by Lehman Brothers (Christian Metrick, 2014). Hence, the auditor decided not to disclose the impact of Repo. Approval of Lehmans Repo 105 Policy for manipulating the Balance Sheet Lehman had made an internal policy of Repo 105 and Reverse Repo and to further treat the same in the balance sheet as trading (sale and repurchase) of investments. This policy was made after the approval and affirmations from Auditors. The Auditor should have stopped Lehman from doing so and should have forewarned them against the consequences that this policy could have in future. Afterward Lehman had also started Repo 108 transactions in which equities were used in place of fixed income securities as collateral. The same was also affirmed by the Auditors of the firm. For treating the Repo 105 transactions as Sales under FAS 140, the firm had to obtain a true sales opinion that stated the transactions are fully complying the legal criteria to be followed for transfers /sales. This True Sales Opinion was not obtained by Lehman in the US. Afterward he tied up with finances of UK to enter into Repo transactions where he had obtained true sales opinion with a condition that the investment securities will only be traded within the UK and the securities should also be sited in the UK (Manoharan, 2011). Lehman Brothers entered into a number of transactions on the basis of this opinion through which he collateralized fixed income securities amounting to billions of dollars (Fazal, 2013). After some time, without disclosing it to UK financers, Lehman started transfers of billions of dollars of American fixed income generating securities also. The auditors had full knowledge of the above situations but never disclosed the same in financial statements. Approval of Financial Statements that concealed Repo 105 transactions There was an obligation on the part of Lehman to buy back the billions of dollars of securities that were transferred temporarily to the third parties. This was nowhere disclosed by Lehman Brothers in their Financial Statements regarding the same. All such transactions were merely presented as Balance Sheet Fluctuations in the management reports (Baldwin, 2010). Secondly, the obligation to repurchase these securities at a lower rate were treated as derivatives on the balance sheet and these derivatives were hidden in a large group of derivatives mentioned in the footnotes of the financial statements (Heeler, 2009). All this was approved by the Auditors which was a total concealment of material misstatements. As per IFAC (2015) the leverage ratio had materially declined in the year 2008 as compared to the year 2007 for the firm. Moreover, the reduction was temporary and falsely created by Repo 105 transactions. After the end of fiscal quarters, Lehman used to repay the debts of Repo transactions and the securities would again get shown in the Balance Sheet. This would affect the leverage ratios up to a material level that had to be disclosed by the firm in financial statements and by the auditor in his audit report (Fazal, 2013). The above-said points clearly explain as to what were the key matters in the case of Lehman Brothers that were to be communicated to those charged with governance. If the Auditing Standard ASA-701 was followed and were there for the persual of Lehman Brothers and its auditors, the auditors might have strictly followed the same and saved a lot of investors and mainly Lehman Brothers from such huge irrecoverable losses. Therefore, the standard ASA-701 could have acted as a safeguard and provided a remedial course of action. Recommendation Auditors should also correctly depict and audit the financial statements. Auditors have the responsibility of the society as a whole to correctly audit the books of accounts and to report the misappropriation of the company. Auditors should comply with the auditing standards and completely apply them in use of audit. Auditors are the watch dog and not bloodhounds, but they should be able to correctly understand the working of the company and audit the books. Auditors can be held responsible for the loss to the third parties who relied on the financial statements audited by the Audit firm as seen in the case of Lehman Brothers. Hence auditors should correctly report all misappropriations done by the management in their audit report. Further, the collapse of Lehman indicates that there was huge gap between the regulations and the real implementation. The failure indicates the pitfall in the regulatory mechanism hence, urging for stringent supervision and audit standards. It is essentia l for policy makers like IFRS, Accounting Standard Board, and Basel to implements stringent norms so that ethical practice are followed. Conclusion The case of Lehman Brothers provides many important lessons to every organization, be it small or large with regard to corporate governance and the ethical standards to be followed by the management and its evaluators including the auditors. The organizations should strictly adhere to the accounting policies and standards that have been set as these have been set keeping in view the impacts of each and every aspect of financial matters that are to be incorporated while preparation of financial statements and that can even get a countrys economy at stake if misled (Larcker Brin, 2011). It is recommended that the companies should do such reporting of true and correct financial transaction which should not mislead the stakeholders. Also, the financial statements should reflect the correct picture of the books of accounts and company`s operations. In such case, the company should try to resort to the adoption of regulatory accounting and auditing standards. References Baldwin, S., 2010. Doing a content audit or inventory. Pearson Press. Cappelleto, G., 2010. Challenges Facing Accounting Education in Australia. AFAANZ, Melbourne Christensen, J., 2011. Good analytical research. European Accounting Review, 20(1), pp. 41-51 Christian M, M Metrick, M., 2014. The Lehman Brothers Bankruptcy F: Introduction to the ISDA Agreement. [pdf] Yale Program on Financial Stability Case Study. Available at: https://www.jahber.org/doc/24361 [Accessed 26 April 2017] CPA 2012. ABC learning collapse case study. [online] Available at: https://www.cpaaustralia.com.au/professional-resources/education/abc-learning-collapse-case-study [Accessed 25 April 2017] Fazal, H., 2013. What is Intimidation threat in auditing? [Online] Available at https://pakaccountants.com/what-is-intimidation-threat-in-auditing/ [Accessed 25 April 2017] Heeler, D., 2009. Audit Principles, Risk Assessment Effective Reporting. Pearson Press Hoffelder, K., 2012. New Audit Standard Encourages More Talking. Harvard Press. IFAC 2015. Strengthening organizations, Advancing Economies. [online] Available at: https://www.ifac.org/auditing-assurance/clarity-center/clarified-standards [Accessed 25 April 2017] Kaplan, R.S., 2011. Accounting scholarship that advances professional knowledge and practice. The Accounting Review, 86(2), pp.367383. Kruger, P., 2015. Corporate goodness and shareholder wealth. Journal of Financial economics, pp. 304-329 Larcker, D Brin, T., 2011. Lehman Brothers: Peeking Under the Board Faade. [pdf] Stanford Closer Look Series. Available at: https://www.gsb.stanford.edu/faculty-research/publications/lehman-brothers-peeking-under-board-facade [Accessed 26 April 2017] Manoharan, T.N., 2011. Financial Statement Fraud and Corporate Governance. The George Washington University. Parker, L, Guthrie, J Linacre, S., 2011. The relationship between academic accounting research and professional practice. Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal, 24(1), pp. 5-14. Roach, L 2010., Auditor Liability: Liability Limitation Agreements. Pearson. Wiggins, R.Z., Piontek, T Metrick, A., 2014. The Lehman Brothers Bankruptcy A. [pdf]. Available at: https://som.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/001-2014-3A-V1-LehmanBrothers-A-REVA.pdf [Accessed 26 April 2017]

Television Influence Essays (1329 words) - Behavior, Human Behavior

Television Influence Television influences behaviors, social attitudes and physical health especially in children. Children today spend more time watching television than on any other single leisure activity. In fact, studies have shown that "the average child spends more time in front of the television than in school" (Clarke and Kurte-Coastes, 1997). There are a variety of influences that children gain from watching too much television. The impact of violence on children is a major issue, as well as the impact of stereotypical views, such as sex roles. Health can also become a problem for children who spend excessive amounts of time in front of the television. There are, however, alternatives to these problems. Parent, schools and the governments need to take control and monitor children and television. After all, television was once used as an educational tool it has only recently become a babysitter. The effect of violence in television has been debated for many years. In a recent study, Strasburger and Donnerstein (1999), suggests that there is a positive correlation between violence viewed on television and aggressive behavior in children. The way television violence is portrayed encourages children to learn aggressive attitudes and behaviors. For example most violence on television is glamorized by using a "good" character that is likely to be perceived as role model to initiate violence. This gives children the impression that violence is justified, desirable, and painless. Violence on television also increases fear or gives children the wrong impression about the world. Many children have a hard time making distinctions about what is real and unreal. Therefore, they begin to believe that the television depicts violence in the "real world." The bottom line is, "children learn their attitudes about violence at a very young age, and once learned, the attitudes tend to be life-long" (Strasburger and Donnerstein, 1999). Television also encourages stereotyped opinions on topics such as sex roles. Research shows that children who spend more time watching television tend to think that both women and men have specified roles in the world (Kent and Moy, 1999). Television usually portrays women as passive and weak compared to men who are usually depicted as strong and dominant (Steinberg and Kincheloe, 1997). This gives children a clear impression of what is expected of them in society. It insists that they too should act this way because it is, after all, what society views appropriate. Television even pushes children toward specific sex role using toys. Most toy commercials, for example, even insist that some toys are only for girls while others are only for boys. Children are very rarely encouraged to play with toys that are known to be for the opposite sex. For example, boys aren't aloud to play with dolls and girls aren't aloud to play with trucks. Television also emphasizes the importance of physical beauty. Stress is placed on looking a certain way, whether it is having the right clothing or being a certain weight. These are influences that children take very seriously considering that most children want to be the "popular" one in school. Take the Mighty Morphine Power Rangers, for example, the female good rangers are viewed typically as beautiful and perfect. The female villains are typically viewed as "repulsive" and are teased. In most schools this is the " kind of schoolyard harassment to which unpopular girls are subjected" (Steinberg and Kincheloe, 1997). Television also takes a major toll on a child's physical health. Obesity in children is rising and television is being credited in playing apart. One reason may be that children are spending less time on physical activities, such as, swimming and riding bikes (Vecchine, 1997). Evidence also shows that children like to snack while watching television, which can add to the weight especially for those children who do not do much physical activity. Commercials on television also play a part in weight gain among children. Commercials tend to enhance a child's craving for the food products being advertised which persuades children to buy their food. In most cases the food advertised on television is high in calories and fat, which adds weight (Anonymous, 1999). Although television influences many children all over the world there are alternatives to the problem. Starting at home parents need to be aware of what their children are watching, as well as how many hours are spent watching television. More importantly parents need to take time to watch and discuss the programs with their children. (victor stasburger and edward donnerstein, 7). This allows for the children, especially the smaller ones who have a hard time differentiating reality form fiction,

Statement of purpose essay

Statement of purpose essay Statement of purpose essay A statement of purpose essay is exactly what it claims to be-a statement of your purpose in life. What is it that you want to achieve by choosing a particular course or college? And how will this help you to fulfill your purpose? Before starting to write a statement of purpose essay it is essential for you to do some soul searching. What kind of a person are you? Are you driven by a strong drive to help the poor and needy? Then this would be an adequate reason for looking for admission in to a social work course. Also, you can read:http://.com/blog/law-school-personal-statement Short is sweet The golden rule is that if you can say it in six words, dont use twenty. Ensure that what you say is relevant and interesting. If it is not-dont say it-this is one time when silence really proves golden. Tips for success Write on an aspect of life that you have knowledge and interest in. Enjoyment while writing ensures reading enjoyment. If you are a practical down to earth person-use your power of observation to reinforce your central point. If you are more bent towards the why of things then look at the esoteric aspects Make your writing style unique and gripping. Do not repeat points or incidents as this can bore the reader who will quickly loose interest Illustrate your statement of purpose essaywith your past experience and achievements that have left you better equipped to fulfill your goal in life. Examine how future plans and long term goals will get realized if you are given a chance in your chosen college. Motivate the admissions committee to read through your statement of purpose essayby weaving a human interest story around it. Mention specific incidents in which you made a difference. Do not just list your qualities without narrating what helped you to discover your purpose in life. Ensure that your statement of purpose essay has a proper structure with the introductory paragraph stating your purpose and following paragraphs highlighting the logical steps you undertook to reaffirm your purpose. The concluding paragraph should leave the admissions committee feeling that you are the logical choice for admission. Ensure that your statement of purpose essay sounds enthusiastic and positive. Do this by zeroing in on your winning qualities and playing down your negative points. Additional topics: Informative Essay Writing Drama Coursework Help Media Studies Coursework Case Study Analysis Critical Thinking Essay

How To Manage Multiple Social Media Accounts In One Tool

How To Manage Multiple Social Media Accounts In One Tool Wouldnt life be a whole lot easier if you could just manage multiple social media accounts in one place? Imagine removing the hassle of logging in and out of every social network and profile, remembering how often to post to each network and when (and if you did or didnt), and setting reminders to write, approve, and post social messages without a defined process. Your imagination is probably filling up with rides on unicorns over rainbow bridges at the sheer thought that managing multiple social media accounts doesnt have to be an organizational nightmare. But its true- your dream of getting organized can become a reality. And you dont need a  unicorn (as cool as that would be).  So today, lets take a look at how to manage all of your social media in one place. How To Manage Multiple #SocialMedia Accounts The Easy WayConsider this a step-by-step guide to: Organize your social media management to help you share faster than ever Create one clear version of the truth for all of your social media accounts and messages Plan all social media in one place to finally keep your sanity with social media while you manage everything else Lets do this. 1. Gather All Of Your Profiles Into One Social Media Accounts List Chances are, you have a handful of profiles on a bunch of different social networks. And to boot, some of these social media accounts are your companys profiles, while others are your  personal professional profiles. The first step to manage all of your accounts easily is to create a master social media accounts list that you can later enter into the tool where youll manage all of your social media in one place. How To Manage Multiple #SocialMedia Accounts The Easy WayAt this point, youre not looking for anything fancy- use a napkin, spreadsheet, or Google Doc to simply list out every one of your business social profiles. Make a list of  your companys: Twitter handles Facebook page Facebook groups LinkedIn company profile Google+ page Pinterest profile Next, create a social media accounts list for your personal profiles where youll share your companys information. Write a list of your #socialmedia accounts. Then find the tool to post to all of them.Personal professional profiles are often on LinkedIn and Twitter where youve built relationships with your followers to share your companys content- along with industry niche content. Again, make a list of  your personal accounts across your networks: Twitter handles Facebook profile Facebook group LinkedIn profile Tumblr blog Pinterest profile Easy, right!? Your next step is to find the  app that supports  your social  media accounts to help you manage all of them in one place. Takeaway: Build a comprehensive list of all of your social media accounts. Make one column for your business profiles and another for your personal professional profiles to which youd like to maintain private access  (so your team cant post to your profiles). Recommended Reading: How To Improve Your Social Media Management In 30 Days 2. Create A Checklist To Find Your App To Manage Multiple Social Media Accounts At this point, youre pulling together a checklist of requirements to help you choose the tool that will work best for your unique needs. Here are a few requirements to kick off  your checklist  as you search for your app: Manage All Social Media In One Place Use the  list of social media accounts you just created to help you find a tool that supports those networks. The goal here is to find a tool thatll eliminate the hassle of logging in and out of social networks and profiles. For example, if you use Twitter, Facebook, and Pinterest to reach your audience, find a tool that will help you  post  to those social networks. Separate Your Business Accounts List From Your Personal Accounts It makes sense to share access to your business social media accounts with the rest of your team. But you probably want to keep your personal profiles private while still getting the benefits of bonus traffic from those accounts. Find a tool that helps you keep your privacy- so only you can post to your personal profiles- while giving  the right team members access to your companys accounts. That will help you stay organized by managing all of your social media accounts in one tool while avoiding any *surprises* on your personal profiles. Get and stay organized with a social media project management tool like . #bloggingKeep Your Team Accountable With Historical  Logs Know exactly who  posted what,  when they posted it, and which accounts they posted to. A historical  log to help you see changes, edits, and what was eventually posted will help you  keep the team accountable for reaching deadlines while keeping you organized. Get Organized With  A Social Account  Workflow Chance are, your campaigns run on  multiple social media accounts. Find a system that helps you define a workflow to make your content creation and approval process painless while also helping you and your team stay organized. Manage everything in one app rather than doing it in a few.This way, you can manage everything in one app  rather than  maintaining a separate project management tool. If youre creating a social media campaign, youll need some help from your team to write social messages, design awesome social media images, schedule your  messages, and approve your campaign. A workflow built into your tool- right where you create your social media content- will help you stay super organized with the entire process. Recommended Reading: How To Quadruple Your Traffic With A Social Media Editorial Calendar Customize Roles For Different Team Members To View Social Messages Sometimes, its nice to help certain people in your company see social messages but not let them edit your hard work. Have a plan to keep  those nit-pickers out of your social media messages  by letting them just see whats going on without letting them change your  projects. Features like this help with approval processes for those folks in your company who just want to see everything going out. Recommended Reading:   How To Assemble A Content Marketing Team For Your Blog How To Create The Best Content Ever With Your Cross-Functional Team See All Messages For Every Account On One Social Dashboard A great tool will help you plan the messages  youll share to each social media account before your  content publishes. Imagine creating an entire social media posting schedule for a blog post or landing page a week before your content is set to launch. Youd avoid  the last-minute promotion frenzy, strategically plan your social messages, and get super organized. Find a tool that allows you to see all your messages on one social dashboard.Find a tool where you can see all of your messages for your own content- and curated content- on one social dashboard. For example, social media editorial calendars serve as a perfect  way to see every message youre planning for every single account- including  messages that are already published and those that you will share in the future. This type of social dashboard is handy because you can visually see the times, days, networks, and specific accounts in an at-a-glance view. Takeaway:  Use these requirements as a starting point, then define a complete list of features youd like your social media account manager tool to have. Create a checklist of your requirements  to help you find the app that is the right fit for you. 3. Commit To Managing All Social Media In One Place Since youre looking for a solution to manage multiple social media accounts in one place, Ill fill you in on a little secret: can help you do just that. is a content and social media editorial calendar that combines blogging, content marketing, social media, and project management all into a single tool. Its perfect for managing all of your social media in one place- and will help you get super organized. Lets explore how to use  Ã‚  to remove the time-sucking hassle of managing multiple social media accounts: Manage  Every Profile From Your Social Media Accounts List Integrate the accounts on your list into . Simply log in to your social networks, then connect each of your accounts with a couple simple clicks: From here, youll have a complete list of your social media accounts all in one place. Now all you need to do is check which accounts youd like to remain private so only you have access to share content to those accounts: So now you have one list of social media accounts you manage, yet they are separated into public and personal profiles: Whats cool is that  the rest of your team can also have personal profiles that only they see, too. That means all of you  get the benefits of privacy and still get lots of traffic from employee advocacy. Win-win! Organize Your Social Media Content Creation And Approval Process Chances are, if youre focusing on social media, youre also creating awesome content. So why not plan to share to your social media accounts in the  workflow youre  already using? For example, on a  blog post like the one youre reading right now, youd probably like to share to multiple social media accounts. So create the blog post first, then collaborate with your  team to plan how youll share the content on social media. You can now organize your social media content creation and approval process.This is what your  workflow might look like in : Now  simply follow the workflow step by step.  And when your team has questions  or progress updates along the way, they can check off their tasks and use comments to fill you in. Start by  writing  your messages in using social helpers: Then schedule your social messages for every account using the social queue.  Since you wrote your messages in social helpers, you dont need to copy and paste, but instead, simply write the tag into new messages to easily reuse what youve already written: And finally, add in images and graphics into your social messages with the image selector: Now you have a social dashboard  view of all the messages scheduled on  all of your social media accounts for a single campaign- complete with days and previews, and  best time scheduling so you will get the most engagement possible for your content: If Your Social Media  Approval Process  Gets Advanced If your workflow requires some higher-ups to see your content for approval (but lets just say you dont want them to edit your hard work), you can let them see your progress with custom roles. Just  build a custom role in , then add them to your team and assign them that role: You can also  keep everyone accountable (and keep those big wigs happy) by knowing exactly who did what, when they did it, and to which social media accounts they sent messages with security and access logs: Use One Social Dashboard To See  Messages For Every Social Media Account At this point, you have a full list of all of the messages for every social media account for a single campaign. Thats a terrific view to understand how youre sharing a specific blog post- or any piece of content, really. What if there was one social dashboard that let you see all your social media accounts? When you step out of the view of working on just one piece, however, its natural to want to see every message youll send to every one of your social media accounts. So what better way is there to do that than with a calendar that shows you the specific date and time your messages will send? At this point, you can see when certain days have more social messages scheduled than others- and to which accounts- so you can easily drag and drop messages from any account from one day to another. That will help you avoid bombarding your followers with too many messages while consistently connecting with them to get the most engagement. Use Your App As Your Personal Social Media Organizer Whatever tool you choose as the app to manage your multiple social media accounts, make sure it helps you eliminate  the  tediousness of using multiple tools to complete the work that one could really help you do. Think of your app as your very own personal social media manager.Heres another way to think about this: You could manage your social media accounts with multiple tools, but consolidating and automating at least some parts of your process will help you get organized, stress a whole lot less, and save a ton of time. And if seems like a great place to get started to manage your social media accounts, take advantage of the 14-day free trial to get your feet wet. I promise you, its the tool Id  use if I were in your sopping  shoes. :) (I know sorry about the lame jokes.)

Marketing Strategies of Dominos Pizza and Pizza Hut Essay

Marketing Strategies of Dominos Pizza and Pizza Hut - Essay Example McDonalds is the biggest player in the industry that controls 18% of the market (King, 2013). For the previous two decades, Dominos and Pizza hut have created a reputation for excellence that has yielded respect from the customers and other industry experts. Over the past five years, Dominos and Pizza hut have obtained profits due to their marketing efforts. For the period between 2010 and 2014 Dominos profits were  £251M,  £280M,  £305M,  £399M and  £405M respectively (Market Watch, 2015). On the other hand, Pizza hut’s profits were  £400M,  £450M,  £600M,  £700M and  £760M (Novak & Creed, 2015). Notably, marketing itself is a strategy that organizations employ to communicate with the consumers to make them knowledgeable of the services and products offered (Kotler & Armstrong, 2014). Marketing is particularly essential as it gives the company an edge against the rival firms (Boone & Kurtz, 2015). A marketing strategy engrosses the products offered, the pricing of such products, the promotion of the products and their distribution. This report will give the marketing milestones that Pizza hut and Dominos have achieved and the differences in their marketing strategies within the United Kingdom. Since its incorporation in 1995, Dominos has endeavored to be the world’s best pizza delivery company. The company strives to bring accessibility, pleasure and happiness to its consumers through delivering pizza at their door steps (Farrell, 2014). The company also strives to introduce products that best satisfy the needs of its customers. Though it’s an international company, the company acts locally within the UK by offering delicious local tastes. The company’s slogan such as â€Å"fun meal† has been famous among the customers. Consequently, Dominos delights in a high market share of 9% in the UK market (King, 2013). On the other hand,

Health Care Delivery Systems Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Health Care Delivery Systems - Research Paper Example Case in point is that the organization of personnel and the institutional set up have various arrangements based on how services are delivered. There are a number of factors that are supposed to be considered in a delivery system. Case in point is that the heath systems should be based on the interrelations between the various components. The personnel and the clients must have a relationship based on mutual respect and understanding only to the extent to which health care services are provided. The essence of providing services to the people is to ensure that the needs and expectations of the people are met as appropriate (Kongstvedt, 2013). Healthcare delivery systems, medical practitioners have a sole responsibility of ensuring that the people receive the services that are commensurate with their needs. Health systems are defined by the functions and the services provided. Medical and public health have a distinction in the services provided. Funding of health care systems is of fundamental importance in the sense that without resources, it is not possible to effect delivery of services. There are five levels in which financial resources can be explained in so far as health care services are concerned (Pol & Thomas, 2002). Healthcare, social and taxations are the key areas through which the institutions are funded. Donations and private contributions are other sources of funding health care systems. Funding of health care systems is essential in the sense that it provides a basis for meeting the expenses of the institution and delivery of services. Individuals, who seek services from health care systems are bound by the rules and regulations to part with a certain amount for the services offered. Individuals pay for services based on the central negotiations or as set by the medical practitioners (Wolper, 2011). To this end, it is important to note that the financial muscle of an organization

The resistance of a piece of wire Essay Example for Free

The resistance of a piece of wire Essay To experiment whether the length of a piece of Nichrome wire affects the resistance in a circuit containing two batteries, a voltmeter, and an amp meter. Equipment List:    7 x connector wires   1 x nichrome wire at varied lengths 2 x 9V Battery   1 x Variable Resistor   1 x Ammeter   1 x Voltmeter Method: A circuit will be set up as shown below: Prediction: In the experiment, I predict that the longer the length of wire, the higher the resistance is going to be. This prediction is made because the electrons travelling through the wire have a higher chance of colliding with the wires particles stopping the natural flow of current. Also the higher the positioning of the variable resistor in the circuit, the higher the resistance overall in the circuit should be. Safety:    Make sure all wires and components in the circuit are connected properly to avoid resulting in short circuits. Keep the circuit well away from any water.   Dont overload the ammeter and voltmeter. Fair Test: To make the test fair, the same equipment in the circuit will be used each time any recording is taken. The recordings will be taken with values to two decimal places each time. OBTAINING EVIDENCE Results: Reading # 6 ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION Conclusion: The results prove that as the wire length increases by two times, so does the resistance. This agrees with the prediction made earlier, as the electrons travelling through the wire have a higher chance of colliding with the wires particles thus stopping the natural flow of current. Evaluation: The graph plotted represented how the length of a wire affects the resistance. No anomalous results were brought up, and so a line of best fit was easy to plot each time. The length of the wire is directly proportional to the resistance. To ensure further accuracy, there are certain things that could be changed in order to obtain better results: Take a wider set of results. Possibly twice as many, then work out the average. To further experiment on what factors affect the resistance of a wire, I could have tested the three other variables the cross-section, the material and the temperature. The experiment could have been carried in a controlled environment, allowing the temperature to remain constant and allow a fairer test. The wires used in the circuit contain a certain resistance, therefore certain wires with less resistance could have been used. Information for this coursework was taken from Encarta 98, Physics Matters by Nick England, and GCSE Physics by Richard Parsons.

The Effects of Creatine on Athletes Bodies Essay -- Drugs Steroids Sp

The Effects of Creatine on Athletes' Bodies From a very early age sports are introduced upon both young boys and girls. Although it begins with sportsmanship and teamwork, it begins to evolve into new objectives when these young athletes enter high school. In fact, high school sports are vastly different. Your mind is trained to obliterate the opponent and win at all costs. This mentality can often lead many young athletes to turn to supplements to assist in muscle building. The most common supplement in use currently is Creatine. While athletic departments and sports nutrition stores claim that it is harmless, why do so many high school athletes end up with severe muscular and pulmonary damage? The answer has yet to be clearly defined, but we do know of some side effects which can lead to both positive and negative results in the continued use of this supplement. In order to understand what effects could result of creatine use, we must first explore what exactly creatine does in our body. Creatine is an amino acid which acts as a building block in the construction of proteins in the body. Muscle cells take the creatine and store it as energy for future use in the body. During intense exercise, phosphocreatine is broken down to creatine and phosphate, which is used to regenerate ATP. The remaining creatine in storage in the muscle cells may also increase the regeneration rate of energy after intense exercise. This serves as an extra boost of energy for young athletes. Currently, scientific studies indicate that creatine will boost an athletes maximum performance level by 5-8%. There is also evidence that leads sports nutritionists to believe that creatine can boost total energy output by 5-15%. At this point, it seems... ...ct, but I have yet to hear of any drug that can add almost forty pounds of muscle in a month without posing severe health risks. Currently, there are not any proven clinical studies that show side effects as drastic as what I have personally witnessed. According to the American College Of Sports Science, the only proven side effect of creatine is future weight gain of a substantial amount after an athlete has stopped using the supplement. Unfortunately, the true negative effects will not be fully understood until many years on down the road. In the meantime, parents and athletes alike need to take a stance against the use of dietary supplements at the high school level. Sources 1. Kreider, Richard P. (PhD), Creatine, the next ergogenic supplement? www.sportsci.org 2. American College Of Sports Medicine, Summary on Creatine supplement. www.iahsaa.org

Online Games Essay

As time passes by, technology continues to evolve. Because of technology, new things were created that sustains and lightens human work. Computers were created because of technology. Computers were the greatest things ever invented by man itself. In the modern age, computers have become a part of man’s life. Computers with the aid of modern machines made almost all the things around us. From the edited books, computers made all design, special effects in movies, and televisions etc. Along with the evolution of technology, computers continue to upgrade as well until the time that computer has now become a part of man’s everyday life that are hooked to computers. Computers can now edit documents to your PC, play mini games, search information you need using the internet, save documents to your PC and play online games. It’s like an all-in-one gadget that can do all the things you want anytime you need it. STUDY HABITS During the pre-school age, a self-study habit must be develop. Self-study habit can be defined as the ability of the learner to allot time in reviewing and reading his/her lessons. It is gradually developed as the learner grows and matures. Different learners have varied style of study habits. Some study after arriving from school, while others do it at the middle of the night. Unfortunately, developing these skills requires time, patience and effort from the parents, teacher and the learner himself. Additionally a very high level of intrinsic motivation must be present to have this. It cannot be underestimated that self-study habit is one of the foundations of educational achievements. Those who excel in school have the strict practice of study habits. Learning from school were not enough for the learners to fully learn. The learner himself must have his own time where s/he can concentrate and reflect. His self-study habits must be done in a conducive learning environment which is free from possible distractions. ABSENCES Poor Grades * At all levels of schooling, classroom absences can lead to poor grades. This is because students are not present to learn the material and generally perform poorly on tests. In higher education settings, professors often are allowed to set their own policies on how absences directly affect a student’s grade.

The Struggle of Assata Shakur

Asset Shaker is a very strong and determined individual that refused to give up her beliefs and ideas to receive her freedom. When she was incarcerated, treated like an animal, beaten to a bloody pulp and lost all basic human rights, she only grew more stronger and determined. Shaker was a political prisoner and suffered because of her Black Panther & Black Liberation Army affiliation. She spent six years in prison for crimes that she was not proven to have done or had any connection to.Most people would have given up and â€Å"sold out† to get their freedom back, she didn't because she simply took it back! Shaker's life changed dramatically on the night of May 2, 1973 on the New Jersey Turnpike when Caddy Mali Shaker, Sundials Coli and her car was stopped because â€Å"of a taillight. † After an altercation between Caddy Shaker and Trooper Harper, shots were fired which left Trooper Forester and Caddy Shaker dead, Asset Shaker and Trooper Harper wounded. Shaker's autob iography does a great Job detailing the event. Shaker described the experience saying â€Å"Caddy was dead.My mind knew that Caddy was dead. The air was like cold glass. Huge bubbles rose and burst. Each one felt like an explosion in my chest. My mouth tasted like blood and dirt. The car spun around me and something like sleep overtook me. In the background I could hear what sounded like gunfire. But I was fading and dreaming. † (Asset 3) She was beaten very badly during the ordeal. The officer's were very brutal towards her because they knew she was involved in the Black Panther Party and wanted information out of her. â€Å"Where did they go?†¦Pitch you'd better open your goddamn mouth or I'll blow your goddamn head off† (Asset 3) was how these officers talked to her. She doesn't say a word. This is another example of her showing her resilience in an adverse time. She was in tremendous amount of pain. Shaker said â€Å"l felt myself being dragged by the feet ac ross the pavement. My chest was on fire. My blouse was purple with blood. I was convinced that my arm had been shot off and was hanging inside my shirt by a few strips of flesh. I could not feel it. † (Asset 3) Eventually the ambulance came and got Shaker.She tried to speak but only bubbled at the mouth. She blacked out during the ride to the hospital. She gets to the hospital where she is interrogated by every person that is around her. The police felt that her capture could lead to the capture of many other African American political leaders if she cooperated with authorities. If these leaders were captured, that would be a serious blow to the movement. Asset sat handcuffed to a bed as detective after detective asked questions about the Black Liberation Army. She said â€Å"Detectives and more detectives. Questions and more Questions†¦Now they want to know about the Black Liberation Army: how big is it; what cities is it in;who is in it, etc. ,etc. † (Asset 8) If Shaker talked, that may have lead to the end of the BLAB or Black Panther Party because the FBI and CONTINENTS was desperate for the end of these groups. The purpose of CONTINENTS (Counter Intelligence Program) was to infiltrate, discredit and disrupt any domestic political organization (such as BLAB or the Black Panther Party). It was lead by the FBI and played a critical role during this time period. The information that Shaker could have given the FBI could have lead to the destruction of these organizations.But Shaker remained uncooperative throughout her stay in the hospital and even during her indictment. She did not say anything bout her party or its members, nor the activities of the groups. Her time in the hospital became better as her body healed and the abuse from the officers stopped. A short time later Shaker was transported from the hospital to Middlesex County jail. â€Å"It seemed like the middle of the night†¦ A wheelchair was waiting for me. I figured they w ere taking me to Jail† said Shaker describing the experience. (Asset 45) Shaker's status as a political activist would affect her greatly in prison.The federal authorities wanted Shaker isolated from all the other prisoners because they did not ant her to spread her â€Å"radical† ideas to any of the other prisoners which could possibly result in a revolt. Her cell was isolated from all the other prisoners and was patrolled by guards at all times. In prison, Shaker was subjected to the nihilistic ideas that she encountered on the outside. During this time blacks were treated as lower class citizens. Society wanted to keep African Americans in the same ghettos and isolate us from the nicer neighborhoods (domestic colonialism).They did this by racial profiling (Asset Shaker's arrest on the turnpike), police highly populating certain areas and raising ricers to live in certain areas. These methods create a sense of self-worthlessness inside of a person which often lead to crime. This trend often leads to African Americans being arrested and incarcerated. Once in prison, the system has now taken the little power that the person once had (the right to vote, speak etc. ) The prisoner now becomes more like property, which is Just like slavery in a sense because prisoners perform labor for â€Å"free†. Shaker and her party took a different approach to the nihilistic feeling.They wanted to fight the oppressor and take what they deserved. This is why the BLAB and Black Panther Party was so feared by the government. Government knew that these groups carried an â€Å"any means necessary mentality which meant that they would use violence if needed. Conservatism was the belief that many government officials believed during this time period. They did not want the the social or political structure of society to change. This is where the conflict occur. African Americans were not receiving equal treatment which means that if society were to remain the same African Americans would always be second-rate citizens.Black people shared a liberal view in the sense hat liberty and equality for all. The liberal view was the driving force behind every African American group or movement for equality/ civil rights. Shaker would remain in prison for six years bouncing from correctional facility to correctional facility as authorities tried to make it as inconvenient as possible for her and her loved ones. She was eventually able to escape from prison and currently lives in Cuba in isolation, but many political prisoners like her are unable to escape. Often these people remain in prison for very long periods of times because of their beliefs.Shaker would have been the same way but she was fortunate enough to escape. These people have great pride and integrity because they are willing to withstand any abuse or consequence they might receive for doing what they believe is right. Shaker is one of those special people and her story shows it. Shaker's story Asset documented her life and experiences very accurately and allowed for the reader to relate to her experiences. I was able to view her as an overall person and not Just an political leader. Her childhood stories in certain chapters showed her more as a normal, everyday person.While her stories of her arrest or stay in prison show how strong of a woman she really was. Shaker was a truly extraordinary person. Many people would have crumbled under the circumstances she endured. She fought social injustices, cultural struggles and economic forces. Her upbringing was a pure example of the life of most people. Blacks were compressed in certain communities where crime and drugs were often used as temporary outlets to a better world, but Shaker chose a different path. She chose to be an leader in the community and fight for civil rights.She did not settle for Ewing the victim, she played the cards she were dealt and tried the best she could. The ironic part about everything is the same problems that she encountered back then, exist today. The Tramway Martin case shows how race has not changed much in this country. White Society viewed this small woman Asset Shaker like a huge criminal, Just like society wants to paint the picture that an unarmed Bibb black male could harm an armed white man. Shaker legacy and deeds did help African Americans, but the Tramway Martin case (along with countless others) make you ask â€Å"how much? â€Å".

Modern Urbanization

Modern Urbanization Free Online Research Papers Urbanization is a very real occurrence in our society today. In the world, 50% of the population lives in an urbanized society. Before I continue, I would like to present a clear definition to Urbanization. Urban means, relating to or concerned with a city or densely populated area, and urbanization refers to the conversion of rural areas, to more urbanized ones. A key term associated with the word, urban, is industrial. Big cites, are far more industrialized, and henceforth, provide a greater distribution of the economy. Take New York, as a classic example. New York is a vast economical network, due to the large quantities of businesses and the dense population. Add to this the amount of money needed, to even survive there, and the situations force the general populace to be as productive as possible. The aim of urbanization is, in theory, to provide a higher standard of living. It is true that, to a certain extent, those urban lifestyles are easier on the body than rural living, such as operating a farm. It is also true that urban living provides a higher quantity of diverse jobs. However, often times, the jobs provided, do not produce sufficient income on their own, to afford the standard of living. Therefore requiring another job to just â₠¬Å"pay the bills,† due to the higher prices of living. Urbanized cultures have access to a high number of services, public transportation, museums, arts, churches. It also puts all these things within reasonable distances. There is a problem however, and it has to do with the living arrangements. This is a personal observation more than anything; in cities, the majority residents live in apartments. Now having, a parent as an architect gave me further insight into this. I was told that the reason, that high-rises exist, is in order to maintain the convenience of proximity, to urban services. Also when designing high-rises one must maximize the space that is used. This is done by either clever design, or by having the apartments, as close together as possible, usually both. All of these are superficial attempts at bringing people together, because the obvious truth is that few people, have even a moderate relationship with their neighbors. In fact there are few acquaintances or friendships formed outside of work. Add to this, the average person can only keep track of around 120 people. Yet, in big cities, there may be 120 people living in half of a high-rise. Not to mention that being out in the city, you will see that many people by walking a few blocks. How can we be brough t together if we continuously walk by the same people, that we don’t recognize? I was having a conversation earlier today. In it, I was told that people are around others for their needs and conveniences. If that is true, then our society has no use for the people but for *things* they produce. Yet, those accomplishments mean nothing when we die. We as a society worship tools(idols), and forget that theres actually a consciousness using the tool. We are blinded, the economy is a machine, a tool, used by a few people to keep others in check, and the biggest illusion, is the fact that all we get, is the scraps that they, no longer want, yet we are content with this. Some of us think, Oh at least its better than those lower class people. Its a cascade effect; the majority, at the base gets the least, whiles their needs, is equal to every other human on the planet. Yet, not everyone has equal opportunities. All because we dont understand what love is. Love is not stuff; you cannot attach love to a thing. Love is a state of being, those who love, are drawn to unity, love is expressed by the action of unity. As in science, we can’t measure it directly, we can only feel it, and measure its effects. Doing something loving, requires that you be in the essence of that which is love first. We think its the other way around. Love is the drive in us toward each other, but it must be a natural unification. We cannot love if we are unified under false systems such as government or economy. Yes these artificial systems make us interdependent, that is a law of the universe which cannot be broken even if we didnt have these artificial systems. Just look at nature, we have plants that produce for herbivores, which provide food for carnivores or omnivores, which provide food for decomposers. Hence, the balance of life is maintained by interdependency. Yet we as a society, for the most part, work for someone else. We have created collectively a hierarchy of dependence. Simply, because we give power to the conveniences we have constructed, and because of this, we inevitably give power to those who have power over the conveniences. All the while, we fail to see that it is fear, that drives these people to crave power over the conveniences, we have labeled needs. In conclusion, I believe that cities are unnecessary. Our living arrangements should consist of independent clusters, which freely cooperate with surrounding clusters, without a centralized form government, outside of each cluster. Let us not forget that our early attempts, at having urban societies resulted in disintegration of culture, plagues, and horrible living conditions. Research Papers on Modern Urbanization19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationPETSTEL analysis of IndiaInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeTwilight of the UAWPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyLifes What IfsResearch Process Part One

Alternative management accounting (AMAR)

Alternative management accounting (AMAR) In this paper, the emergence of alternative management accounting (AMAR) will be discussed followed by the contributions it has brought to the field of knowledge. After which, reasons why alternative management accounting research s tools and techniques has not successfully displaced the use of traditional accounting research s and techniques in organizations will be discussed. The importance of addressing this issue is to justify if this alternative direction is right within management accounting academia, and whether it should be continued. The emergence of alternative management accounting research occurred in the late 1980s partly due to the shortfalls of the traditional management accounting approaches. Traditional management accounting research (TMAR) is objectivist-orientated, with a focus upon unifying characteristics. These assumptions have limitations and hence are unable to provide broader insights into the nature of management accounting. TMAR makes no distinctions between the perspective of the organization and its managers (Puxty, 1993). In general, this approach encouraged a financial accounting mentality and also encouraged a focus on external financial reporting requirements (Johnson Kaplan, 1987). It was widely believed that all management accounting research existed to inform rational decisions to achieve organizational goals which essentially refers to achieving shareholder wealth maximisation. TMAR also has an implied assumption that the manager is isolated from other decision makers when making decisions (Scapens, 1991). Group decision makings were either ignored or considered to be non-existent in TMAR. Traditional approaches are problem motivated and are aimed towards bettering and refining tools and techniques to inform rational decisions in order to achieve given organizational goals (Covaleski, Dirsmith Samuel, 1996). As a result, it provides narrow insights as focus was not brought into the broad er social, political and economic settings (Macintosh, 1985). Traditional management accounting thoughts was greatly influence by neoclassical economic analysis (Scapens, 1994). According to Otley (1984), though management accounting centres on the provision of information, the core theoretical approach derives from economics in which the rational model dominates. The utilization of power, group considerations, choices and purposes are disregarded or excluded from neoclassical analysis. Such factors are assumed to minimally impact individuals (Spechler, 1990).Individuals live and interact within society, but are not altered or affected by these social interactions (Ulman, 1998). Neoclassical economics has no intention to explain behaviours if managers within the organization (Scapens, 1994) and hence cannot adequately study social phenomena since it does not consider the political, social and organizational factors that affect individuals. Ryan and Scapens (2002) state that management accounting research based upon positivist theories; may be useful for predicting general trends, but they will not be helpful in explaining individual behaviour; nor are they likely to be useful as guides to individual managers or firms about their own economic behaviour . Traditional management accounting researches offers a narrow insight to the world, which limits individuals abilities to create and analyze interesting propositions and develop meaningful stories about MA in its social, organizational and behavioural contexts (Hopper, Storey Willmott, 1987). Rational designs also limit one s abilities to develop critical positions and impends the ability of MA research community to carry out significant scientific conversation and achieve progress. The limitedness recognised in the rational designs approach of traditional management accounting has ignited the interest of a core group of alternative management accounting researchers from Europe who had strong sense and beliefs that management accounting was much more beyond the very simplistic positivist technical view. They believed that there was a lot of new and important insights that AMAR could bring to the field of knowledge and began to emphasise the need to study management accounting in the contemporary world from a broader political, cultural and social perspective (Baxter Chua, 2003). Critique of Means-Ends reasoning Traditional MA tools and techniques are developed from rational design theories (Hewege, 2012) but it was never questioned if the tools and techniques are practical or useful for the organization. They might be unintended and unrelated to achieving unclear organizational goals. Even when organizational goals are not achieved, managers choose to learn from the failures and improve on the tools and techniques used. Therefore AMAR promotes rethinking and restructuring traditional practices. The organization should question if better finances automatically denote benefits for the company and consider if the reputation or social responsibilities might have greater impacts on a companies long-term growth. Critique of the real Information can be easily manipulated which means that information presented might not portray an objective view. Hence, the importance of MA tools and techniques are subject to the reader s interpretation due to differing reactions that people have towards the information they have. Every organization is different which means tried-and-tested concepts is not adequate to capture the performance of the whole organization. It is crucial for managers to accept the fact that there is no one ideal solution. Mouritsen s study (1999) suggests that due to the current technological advancements, non-human actant can be relied on to aid in the interpretation of information. Management accountants can have more time to focus on other important things such as improving the performance of the company from social, or cultural aspects. Critique of accounting s impotence The apolitical imagery of TMAR is challenged by AMAR. AMAR enables us to understand the ability of management accounting practices to achieve or bring about a certain result. Baxter and Chua draws an example of this from the politicised budgetary process of a Swedish local government (Jonsson, 1982). Although technologies such as budgeting systems were thought to be useful in influencing important decisions, it might in fact be detrimental for the organization if they are invented for use by the personally motivated. They may mobilise political power to set policies and rules and as a result, influence management accounting practices which might not contribute to achieving organizational goals. AMAR states that it is these technologies that contribute to the overt clashes of interests in organizations and society, and the oppression of others (Chua, 1995). Critique of accounting change The rational designs approach provides sparse empirical evidence that an enlightened, well-engineered and progressive path characterises the development of management accounting technologies (Baxter Chua, 2003). Some researchers demonstrated the roadblocks that particular organizations faced in attaining a fit between management accounting control systems and appropriately modifying environments contexts when using the rational design approach (Ezzamel Bourn, 1990). AMAR has increased understanding of accounting change by conveying distinct insights. For example, attributing changing of sociocultural, political and economic conditions to a plethora of changes within MAP in the 20th Century including the emergence of value-added accounting (Burchell, Clubb Hopwood, 1985). AMAR recognises that accounting changes are not predictable, not controllable, exclusively technical or well-behaved. Memorably, many of these perspective would not be covered in the mainstream approach. Critique of bodiless forms of MA practice. Baxter Chua (2003), discussed the ways in which management accounting is both inhibited and assisted by the inherent attitudes of its proponents. This alternative research highlighted the importance of interactions between the management and the organizational participants. Management accounting is not just about the techniques that inform, maximise, and optimise decisions- it also focuses on the people who uses them, and who continually interact to understand their needs and habits. For example, emphasising the need to motivate companies employees. This is supported by Preston s (1986) research, which set an anchor between an organization s processes and an individuals involvement within them. So what practical contributions has AMAR made? Alternative management accounting researchers have been challenged to face important contemporary topics which includes but not limited to globalisation, hybridity and the network society (Baxter Chua, 2003). Globalisation brings about high exposure of information, increasing trade and competition. And in these contexts, it is not enough for companies to remain competitive just by using financial measure. As testified to by Kaplan and Norton, who stated that financial measures tell stories of historical events, which are appropriate for industrial age companies whereby customer relationships and long term investment capabilities were not critical for success. However, these financial measures are inadequate for guiding and evaluating the journey that information age companies must make to create future value through investment in customers, suppliers, employees, processes, technology, and innovation.† Globalisation causes the global dissemination of technology, popular culture, workers, financial capital, knowledge, and goods and services. Though globalisation uproots MA practices from their context and diffuses it to other remote locations, knowledge of how technologies travel and the issues that result from it are very limited (Vaivio, 2008). AMAR sees management accounting as a set of practices implicated within complex processes of societal and organizational interpenetration which requires implementation of expert systems that interconnects time and spaces. AMAR has helped developed tools and techniques like Economic Value Added (EVA) and the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) to help companies gain competitive advantage in this environment. The balanced scorecard is a tactical planning and management system that is used in business and industry, government, and non-profit organizations worldwide. The purpose of the BSC is to improve internal and external communications, align business activities to the stratagem and vision of the organization, and monitor organization performance against planned goals. It is a performance measurement framework that considers both strategic non-financial performance measures and financial metrics to give managers a more holistic view of the performance of the organization (Kaplan Norton, 1996). Hybridity suggests the examination of the functioning of management accounting in conditions with both traditional and new elements such as the local and the global, private and public. For example, the university in which Baxter and Chua worked in an educational institution that was widely viewed to be a public institution. However, reducing government funds and increasing fee paying students dominated the budget of the faculty. Hence the university is in a way, no longer considered to be a public institution but is not a private one either. This creates contradictions, but accounting inscriptions are central to the ongoing function of this hybridity by conveying economic differences between public and private entities and traversing this differences to enable the university to function. AMAR contribute insights to the hybrid roles of management accountants. Instead of their traditional score keeping controller role, their new accounting role is focused on consulting and helping the organizational participants implement and adapt to the new accounting change. This is supported in Pharmaceutical, which is a UK Based manufacturing branch of an international pharmaceutical product producer, where hybrid accountants assist day managers with day to day decisions as well as advising performance measurement product stream leaders on strategic issues (Hopper, Northcott Scapens, 2007). A change in the image of accountants was observed by looking at how they were portrayed in software advertisements. It was seen that the image of accountants has changed from being dependable and logical to a more self-indulgent person from the 1970s to the 1990s (Baldvinsdottir, Burns, Noreklit Scapens, 2009).This reflects changes in wider social practice from a modern way of thinking to a h yper modern way of thinking. Finally, it has been suggested by Baxter and Chua (2003) that we are living in the network society. This basically meant a digitized, technologically advanced surveillance society, where management accounting can cause any type of action to become visible. Through qualitative analysis, we can ask whether management accounting is taken on-board in the creation of a super panopticon, an open space where personal privacy is exposed (Baxter and Chua, 2003). Latourian researchers are known to be the most suitable out of the other approaches to take on such modern-day alternative research, in view of the close attention this point of view lends to the interaction between networks of individuals and non-human objects, such as computers (Baxter Chua, 2003). AMAR has brought insights to show how management accountants have been influenced by external factors. It was identified in a study that social advertisement has encouraged management accountants to hand over control to systems which are able to do everything while the accountants themselves should follow instructions (Baldvinsdottir, Burns, NÃÆ' ¸rreklit Scapens, 2010). AMAR has also contributed to the growth of new management accounting techniques including technology road mapping to help organization fit in the new technological advanced environment. Technology roadmapping is a flexible technique prevalent within industries to balance long-term strategic issues alongside short-term financial performance. The approach provides an organized way to explore and communicate relationships between evolving and developing markets, products and technologies over time. It is suggested that the roadmapping technique can boost companies chances in stormy environments by providing them a focus during environment scans, and a means of tracking the performance of individual, including potentially counterproductive, technologies (Phaal, Farrukh Probert, 2004). Whilst Miller and O Leary recorded widespread use of technology roadmaps in their case study of Intel corporation, its use in capital decision making practice is still in its infancy. Also, despite its recognised potential for supporting strategic investment decision-making, this strategic analysis tool has yet to make its way into mainstream capital investment academic materials. (Hopper, Northcott Scapens, 2007) Despite the advances of knowledge through AMAR over the last 30 years, AMAR has not completely displaced the traditional approaches. Organizations outside Europe still uses the traditional approaches to determine the performance of the company. This is because changes are often time-consuming and expensive, considerably impacting an organization s overall success. Another reason on why organizations refuse to change is due to a form of mimetic isomorphism (Baxter Chua, 2003). This is with a mind-set that since other organizations are still going on well using the traditional, rational approaches, so must we. Also, according to the theory of structural inertia, organizations are hesitant towards change because they are reluctant to take unnecessary risk. They prefer replicable behaviours as constancy is rewarded. Change not only disrupts current business but also can lead to disaster. As a result, organizations continue with past procedures, even when it seems irrational to do so (Hansen, 2012). Though TMAR have their own limitations, they should not be replaced by AMAR. A blend of usage of tools and techniques developed from the two areas of research should be considered by organizations. For example, using TMAR techniques to influence financial measures and using AMAR techniques to focus on non-financial measures which help organizations grow substantially and maintain sustainability in both short-term and long-term aspects. In conclusion, AMAR emerged mainly due to limitations identified in the traditional rational approach and increased interests. AMAR has contributed significantly in helping organizations operate and gain competitive advantage in the contemporary environment. The direction to explore into AMAR is right because in doing so, regression will not occur within the MA academia (Lukka Mouritsen, 2002). However it is important for AMAR to not lose sight of its public responsibility, and for it to persist in providing insights that protect individuals against impersonal, entrenched forces that are not in their interests. Qualitative research needs to investigate the social, societal and political facets of management accounting, and remind us of the larger picture containing the beliefs and motivations that lie beneath the surface of modern practice.